Immigration, Immigrants, and Visitors (In Progress)

• [1850] A San Francisco paper reports on the death of a South Asian man due to "general debility" in Happy Valley, a Gold Rush neighborhood in San Francisco [Daily Alta California, May 20 1850, p6, col1, "Coroner Inquest"]
• [1850] A Sacramento newspaper reported the arrival of two apparently Bengali men ("Bengalese") in San Francisco: "they are tall and erect, intensely black, and clad in cleanly white, with huge turbans." [Sacramento Transcript, Sep 2 1850, p 3, col 1, "From San Francisco"]
• [1850] "J. Mollen," a 23-year-old lascar, died of cholera in Sacramento. [Sacramento Transcript, November 6 1850, p3, col 3, "Mortality Report"]
• [1851] An article on San Francisco described South Asian and Muslim people as part of San Francisco's diversity: “In our streets jostles the fair European and the swarthy Kanaka or the darker Hindoo; the pious Mussulman says his daily prayers as he passes the churches of the Christian…such an omnium gatherum was never before witnessed in the world's history.”  [Daily Alta California, Feb 7, 1851, pg 2, col 5, "Population of San Francisco"]
• [1851] A South Asian man's testimony at San Francisco's Superior Court was challenged because of his race. California law barred people with "one-eight part or more of negro blood, blacks and Indians" from being witnesses in cases where white men are parties. After the South Asian man's right to testify was challenged, the judge adjourned the case till the next day. [Daily Alta California, Feb 13, 1851, pg 2]
• [1852] The California state census lists a ~40 year old San Francisco resident named "Mahomet" (Mohammed) living in San Francisco [Mahomet, San Francisco, California; citing p. 66, State Archives, Sacramento; FHL microfilm 909,231]

• ​[1852] An article on Chinese immigrants in California also references the existence of Hindoos [Maine Farmer, 1/1/1852, pg. 3, "Chinese in California"]
• [1852] An Illinois newspaper quotes a professor, recently returned from California, who speculates that Chinese, Japanese, and Hindoos in California will "soon catch the spirit of our free institutions, and rapidly become Americanized." [The Ottawa Free Trader, January 17 1852, p 1, col 6, "The New Graft on American Stock"]
• [1853] A lascar (perhaps South Asian?) was buried in San Francisco. No name, age, or birthplace was listed.[Daily Alta California, Mar 7 1853, p 2, col 5, "Died: Internments in San Francisco"]
• [1854] A Goan man was brought in as a witness at the San Francisco Recorder's Court. There was an objection made as to whether he was able to provide evidence because of his race. But the Recorder admitted it, because he was not black. [The Shasta Courier, 14 October 1854, pg. 2, "Competent Witness"]
• [1855] The Annals of San Francisco refers to lascars (perhaps South Asian?) as part of the "multitude of foreign races" in San Francisco. [The Annals of San Francisco, 1855, p 505]
• [1857] In March 1857, Hutchings' Illustrated California Magazine published the earliest (?) image of a South Asian in California, a portrait of a "Hindoo" gold miner getting ready to return from San Francisco to India with his savings after 3 years working in the mines. This means that there was a South Asian gold miner in California as far back as 1854.
• [1860] The 1860 census records a household of sixteen men, primarily Indian Muslims, living in northeast San Francisco​
• [1871] The book À la California: Sketch of Life in the Golden State twice references South Asians in San Francisco. "A couple of small, wiry, supple little fellows, with black skins, straight black hair, with little black eyes which twinkle like those of a snake, carrying huge baskets, filled with soiled clothing, on their heads, may attract your attention next; they are Lascar or Hindoo washermen from the Laguna, in the western part of the city, where they work." And it also says, "here and there in the throng, at wider intervals, you may at times see the silent little Lascar, or Hindoo, gliding stealthily and serpent-like through the throng" ["À la California: Sketch of Life in the Golden State" by Albert S. Evans, pages 132 and 273, 1873, but probably describing events ~1871]
• [1872] The Hindoo servant of Lord Blandford is quoted in the San Francisco Chronicle as saying that California is a "good country," with "gold plenty," but "hard to get." ["Jottings About Town," SF Chronicle, July 17 1872, page 3]
• [1879] The San Francisco Police Department barred two South Asian sailors from cremating "a dead comrade" who had died of natural causes. The police suggested they bury their friend, and threatened to send them to San Quentin if they performed a cremation. [SF Chronicle, Jan 6, 1879, pg 3, "Wanted to Cremate Him"]
• [1885] Gopal Vinayak Joshi (Anandibai Joshi's husband?) visited Sacramento, and was interviewed by a local paper. There was some apparently kind of a kerfuffle with his Sacramento appearance, as he was challenged by someone British, and his identity (mis)outed by another South Asian. He also stopped in San Francisco, and a newspaper columnist reported that he was mistaken as Irish.
• [1887] "Meer Baboor Ally, a Hindoo resident of San Francisco, has filed a declaration of his intention to become an American citizen. He is the first of his race, as far as known, who has ever done so." (More on Ally. There are more references to him around the East Coast.) [Wichita Eagle, July 23 1887, p 2, col 1]
• [1892] A San Francisco newspaper comments wonders at the ability of a South Asian (presumably Sikh) man to tie a turban. [SF Call, Oct 18 1892, p1, "Rolling A Turban"]
• [1893] A 68-year old South Asian man was part of the small "leper colony" at the 26th Street Hospital in San Francisco. There was public discussion of moving the people with leprosy to a facility in Hawaii.
• [1893] Prince Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur visits San Francisco. The visit by the ~18 year old ruler and his munshi to a boxing match between a human and a kangaroo is covered with (respectful) glee by the paper. [SF Call, June 11 1893, "That 'Ere Nawab"]
• [1894] Purushotam Rao Telang, a Brahmin from Bombay, visits San Francisco for the California Midwinter International Exposition, planning to be in the area for roughly half a year. His views on music were widely covered in the press — see the arts/literature page for details. [SF Call, Jan 21 1894, p8, "Universal Music"]
• [1896] Four South Asians who came to attend the 1893 Chicago World Fair were to be deported via San Francisco. They were two women and two men, possibly a father and son) and may have stayed on in Chicago after the 1893 World Fair. A Los Angeles newspaper indicates that they were being sent to San Francisco to catch a ship back to Calcutta via Hong Kong, apparently at government expense.
• [1899 ★] Earliest (non-student) South Asian meeting in Berkeley? The San Francisco Chronicle reports that "The local Salvation Army held a Hindoo meeting at its barracks tonight. Native costumes were work and [undecipherable] songs were sung. The meeting was conducted after the fashion of the army meetings in India. (SF Chronicle, 10/12/1899, pg. 9)
• [1901] A "mysterious man  who came from India many years ago" died at his home in North Oakland. The Chronicle reports that "Eugene Varrago" spoke only Hindustani, was perhaps 70 years old. [SF Chronicle, 12/15/1901, p15, col 1, "A Hindoo Dies Far From Home"]
• [1906] South Asians were among those impacted by the 1906 earthquake and fire. Before the earthquake, lascars were one of the groups seen on the waterfront. After the earthquake, an observer mentions seeing "a Lascar sailor in his turban" in waiting in line for provisions at Jefferson Park. [The San Francisco Calamity by Earthquake and Fire, pps. 107, 158] 
• [1906] Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the maharaja of Baroda, and his wife visited Oakland and San Francisco during a U.S. trip. [SF Chronicle, June 8 1906, p23, "East Indian Ruler Here"]
• [1907] In Oakland, Veer Singh was denied the right to citizenship because he wore a turban, while Dakam Chand and Fukur Chand removed their turbans and were given the oath. Subsequently, San Francisco immigration commissioner Hart North subsequently instructed the Alameda County Clerk that Indians were not allowed citizenship under any circumstance, in light of new immigration law. [SF Chronicle, Jan 23, 1907, "Prefers Turban to CItizenship"]
• [1907] White men attacked South Asian factory and lumber yard workers in Stege, which is in present-day Richmond. Many of the workers were pushed out of Bellingham, Washington, and were pushed toward Oakland, from where they went to Stege. Per the Call, "Incipient signs of a race war have been manifested for several days In an outbreak of violence against a colony of Hindus who have settled here. The orientals canui to work at the California Cap company's plant, but after establishing themselves the dark skinned Asiatics percolated through several other Industries. They have slowly but surely found footing in factories and lumber yards against the serious objection of white workmen. Considerable feeling haa been aroused against the newcomers with the result that several minor demonstrations have been made. Bunkhouses occupied by the Hindu laborers have been the targets for volleys of rocks at night time, after the occupants were supposed to have gone to bed. These signal evidences of antiAsiatic sentiment have thus far been followed by no serious injury to any one. The attacks have been of frequent occurrence and have given rla« to some alarm on the part of the authorities lest more energetic effort shall be made to rid the town of the Invading swarthy laborers from the far east." [Bellingham Herald, October 11 1907] [San Francisco Call, November 15 1907, p9, "Hindu Workmen Protest Against Hindu Toilers"] [San Jose Evening News, November 16 1907] [San Francisco Chronicle, December 5 1907]
  
• [1908] It's debatable how much much protection South Asian immigrants derived from being part of the British empire, but an article in the San Francisco Call gives an example where "Hindu is Protected as British Subject: Oriental is Allowed to Land, While Chinese Woman Servant Must Return." Another article describes how the British Consul Makes Protest — Calls upon Governor to Protect the Hindoos in Sutter County" after a raid on South Asians in Live Oak, Sutter County. [SF Chronicle, 1/31/1908, pg. 3, "British Consul Makes Protest"]
• [1910] Restrictions on immigration and anti-immigrant sentiment were showing up in the press, e.g. a San Francisco Call article, "59 Undesirable Asiatics Arrive," which describes the immigration of 59 Sikh and Muslim men (one of whom is pictured), as well as the deportation of 75 South Asians, some of them on charges of polygamy. [SF Call, Aug 14 1910, p46, "59 Undesirable Asiatics Arrive"]
• [1910] Immigrants were turned away because they reportedly had hookworm, with the San Francisco Chronicle gleefully reporting that "Law is Sufficient to Stop the Influx"; the article quotes immigration inspector Ainsworth, who reported that the rate of "Hindoo" immigration was about 6000 per year, and that despite public agitation, no way had been discovered to slow down the influx. Hookworm might be more effective than grounds like keeping out the poor (i.e. "those who were likely to be public charges") or claiming that Muslim immigrants were liable to practice polygamy. [SF Chronicle, 9/29/1910, pg. 2]
• [1910] Oakland St. Mary's College student paper writes editorial against South Asian workers [SF Call, Feb 19 1910, p14, "Writes an argument against the Hindus"]
• [1911] Eighteen "Hindoos," including five women (two of them pregnant) and several children arrived at Angel Island. Nine of them were "found to be afflicted with contagious diseases," and the whole group was ordered to be deported. The group contested the deportation order.
• [1913] Missionary Dalta Kumar (sp?) becomes reportedly the second South Asian to gain U.S. citizenship, in San Francisco, after a federal judge in Washington decides that "Aryan"/"Caucasian" Hindus are eligible. [SF Call, May 25 1913, p21, "Second Hindu Becomes Citizen of United States"; SF Call, May 24 1913, p18, "Naturalization Is Extended to Hindu"]
• [1914 ★] Two South Asian students tried to enter the Berkeley high school, but their request faced opposition at the school board meeting from Principal Biedenbach, Superintendent James. School board president James made a spirited anti-racist defense. It's unclear what the outcome was. [Berkeley Daily Gazette, Aug 5 1914, pg 1, "School Board in Quandary Over Admitting Hindus"]
• [1920s ★] Vaishno Das and Kala Bagai bought a home in Berkeley and tried to move in, their neighbors locked the house to prevent them from entering. Kala was afraid that neighbors might hurt their children, so they were forced to return to San Francisco with all their belongings. [AIISF, “"Bridges Burnt Behind”: The Story of Vaishno Das Bagai"]
• [1930 ★] The US Census records a household of 7 South Asian men, ages 25–31, living as lodgers at 2034 Kittredge (S G Lanewala, Mohammed Ali, Vinayak N Moghe, Hafiz A Rahman, H S Dhillon, Bhag Singh, Gupta D Das); they lived there along with 10 Filipinos. One of the South Asians worked as a tailor, one as kitchen staff, and the other are marked as "none." This is an interesting instance of a South Asian household where residents weren't all doing the same thing (e.g. all students, or all railroad workers). [1930 US Census, California > Alameda > Berkeley > ED 314 > image 16 of 20; citing NARA microfilm publication T626]
• [1967-1972 ★] Immigrant South Asian men were advertising for love and sex in the personals pages of the Berkeley Barb. Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5